April 26, 2022 2:00 PM (CDT) → 3:00 PM

<aside> ❓ 1. Why do some countries have more women legislators than others? 2. Why do gender gaps in political attitudes and voting change over time? (PPE 2018)

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Goffman, E. (1979). Gender advertisements (Communications and culture). London: Macmillan:

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Goffman’s (1979) Gender Advertisements

“In his analysis of American advertisements, Goffman distinguished six broad categories of ritualized gender advertisements:

  1. relative size: women are portrayed as smaller or lower than men;
  2. the feminine touch: women typically stroke or touch themselves or objects, whereas men are shown with loose hands or holding something firmly;
  3. function ranking: men are portrayed as autonomous or powerful, women as dependent and subordinate;
  4. ritualization of subordination: women are shown in subordinate positions: lying down, in various curved, bent or tilted positions (…);
  5. licensed withdrawal: women are portrayed as passive or uninvolved, whereas men are portrayed as active and present, for instance by looking straight into the camera;
  6. the family: women are represented in family groups.